ideal number of straws to be thawed prior to insemination

Mel DeJarnette, reproductive specialist with Select Sires, Plain City, Ohio Says

"If inseminators do not follow the recommended semen handling procedures, they are destined for problems no matter how many straws they thaw, even one"

Thawing multiple straws of semen can be a way for you or your AI technician to breed a large number of cows efficiently without compromising semen quality or the conception rate of inseminated animals. However, you must follow proper procedures for straw preparation, thermal protection and work within limited time contraints.

when four straws of semen were thawed at one time, placed into AI guns, and used to inseminate cows. Conception rates for the 89 inseminations declined from 47.6 percent for the first gun prepared, to 41.2 percent for the second, 37.5 percent for the third, and 25 percent for the fourth.

Yet, it cannot be concluded that the fertility decline resulted from thawing more than one straw of semen at a time, because the researchers did not maintain adequate thermal protection. Rising temperatures inside the barrel of the loaded AI gun - due to warm outdoor temperatures - were associated with a reduction in semen viability over time.

Other research has found that as many as 10 to 20 straws of semen (depending on the type of thaw bath used) can be thawed at 95 F at one time without compromising semen quality. However, the study, conducted at Washington State University and reported in the 1991 Journal of Animal Science, advised that straws of semen should not be allowed to touch one another during the thaw process, because that could slow thawing and compromise semen viability. Therefore, in most on-farm thaw baths - containing around 1 pint of water - about four to five straws can be thawed at the same time.

Skill level critical 

Despite research proving more than one straw can be safely thawed, AI experts often caution producers about preparing multiple guns because of the skill and proficiency in semen preparation and thermal protection it requires. For example, thawing multiple straws often drains heat from the thaw bath, says Neil Michael, veterinarian and director of technician services with ABS Global in DeForest, Wis. Inseminators must monitor temperature between batches carefully to ensure it's maintained at 95 F to 98 F, or sperm viability diminishes. Similarly, researchers say that sperm can live for one hour after thawing if maintained at between 95 F and 98 F. Thus, loaded AI guns must be thermally protected until deposited in the cow. Failure to do so can decrease sperm viability also. However, the percentage of live sperm declines in that hour, leading AI experts to recommend getting semen into the cow within 10 to 15 minutes after thawing. To learn more about critical preparation and thermal protection procedures, see the related story, "Heat and cold stress create challenges," on page 50.

Field study shows consistency

When inseminators guard against mistakes in semen preparation and thermal protection, more than one straw of semen can be thawed without lowering the conception rate of cows. In fact, two field trials that monitored inseminations by professional AI technicians show consistent conception rates from the first to last straw prepared. The chart on page 49 contains information on thousands of inseminations where multiple straws were prepared by AI technicans from ABS Global and Paddocks Breeding Service. Conception rates were consistent across guns - with both groups having an overall conception rate between 32 percent to 33 percent. Mike Sprenger, a technician with Paddocks who has inseminated 125,000 cows in his career, monitored the time it took him to prepare and breed AI guns on 266 occasions (1,435 breedings), and found that he typically took just under eight minutes on three guns, and just under 14 minutes on seven guns. Despite the data, he says producers often tell him to thaw just two straws when breeding cows in their herd, in an effort to increase conception rates. This mandate often slows his work and does little to improve the conception rate in the herds, he says. That's because his conception rate on the first two guns is within one to two percentage points of his average on all guns. Do you get consistent conception rates - similar to these field trials - when you prepare multiple straws? Do you have good semen preparation and thermal protection procedures? The only way to know for sure is to track the gun number and subsequent conception rate when inseminating cows.

Human-Animal Hybrids NOW POSSIBLE !!!! What? can they make pancreas now??? BIG BREAKTHROUGH

 Hiromitsu Nakauchi Stem cell biologist has waited for this moment for more than 10 years. After years of planning, the persistent researcher has

at last received approval from a government willing to pursue one of the most controversial scientific studies there is human-animal embryo experiments.

While many countries around the world have restricted, defunded or outright banned these ethically-fraught practices, Japan has now officially lifted the lid on this proverbial Pandora's box. Earlier this year, the country made it legal to not only transplant hybrid embryos into surrogate animals, but also to bring them to term. As a lead stem cell researcher at the University of Tokyo and Stanford University, Nakauchi has gone from country to country, chasing his dream of one day growing customised human organs in animals like sheep or pigs. With more than 116,000 patients on the transplant waiting list in the United States alone, Nakauchi hopes his idea can transform lives. That ultimate goal is still a long way off, but the next step in his research has at last been given the green light by ministry officials in Japan. 

ڈیر ی فارمینگ میں گرمی کے دباؤ سے متعلق انتظام

 ڈیر ی فارمینگ میں گرمی کے دباؤ سے متعلق انتظام

• گرمی کے دباؤ کے اثر کو روکنے کے لئے کیا کیا جاسکتا ہے؟ ہم نے یہاں کچھ عملی عملی فہرست درج کی ہے۔   

• بیٹھنے کی جگہ ، پانی اور فیڈ کے ٹکڑوں پر سایہ فراہم کریں۔

• دیواروں کے سوراخوں کے ذریعے یا مداحوں کا استعمال کرکے سست ہوا گردش (3-4 میٹر / سیکنڈ) کی اجازت دیں۔

• قریبی چھڑکنے والے نصب کرکے فیڈ بینک کے دوروں کی تعدد کی حوصلہ افزائی کریں۔

اچھ qualityپانی کی کافی مقدار فراہم کریں (فی گائے 9 سینٹی میٹر لکیری جگہ یا 10 گائوں میں 1 پینے کی جگہ)۔ گرمی کے تناؤ میں ایک پختہ ہولسٹین گائے روزانہ 120 لیٹر پانی استعمال کر سکتی ہے۔

• اچھی ہاضمیت اور مناسب کاٹنے کی لمبائی کے ساتھ اعلی معیار کے گھاٹ پیش کریں۔ فائبر ضروری ہے ، لیکن اس کا میٹابولزم زیادہ گرمی پیدا کرتا ہے۔

• گلوکوز کو توانائی کے ذریعہ کے طور پر ترجیح دی جانی چاہئے یا کاربوہائیڈریٹ کو مرتکز کرنا چاہئے کیونکہ گرمی کے دباؤ کے دوران رمضان میں گلوکوز کے استعمال میں نمایاں اضافہ ہوتا ہے۔ تاہم ، تیزابیت کے خطرے سے متعلق اعلی غور کیا جانا چاہئے۔

گرمی کے دباؤ کے دوران جانوروں کی مدد کرنے والے فیڈ ایڈیکٹس کا استعمال کریں۔

گرمی کا دباؤ نقصان دہ اینڈوٹوکسین کو پیدا کرتا ہے

گرمی کا دباؤ نقصان دہ اینڈوٹوکسین کو پیدا کرتا ہے۔

اینڈوٹوکسنز یا لیپوپولیساکرائڈز منافع بخش ڈیری فارمینگ کو لاکھوں کا نقصان پہنچا سکتا ھے

جدید دودھ کی نسلیں جیسے ہولسٹین فریزین نسل شمالی ممالک میں تیار کی  گئی ہے ، یعنی وہ سرد موسم کی صورتحال کے خلاف قوت مدفعت رکھتی ہیں لیکن گرمی کا شکارھوتی ہیں۔ دنیا بھر کے بہت سے علاقوں میں گرمیاں گرم اور لمبی ہوتی ہیں۔ اس سے گرمی کا دباؤ پیدا ہوسکتا ہے ، جو اس وقت ہوتا ہے جب کسی جانور کا حرارت کا بوجھ گرمی کھونے کی صلاحیت سے زیادہ ہو۔ ہر سال صرف امریکہ میں مویشیوں میں گرمی کے دباؤ کی وجہ سے 1 بلین امریکی ڈالر سے زیادہ کا نقصان ہوتا ہے۔ ڈیری اور گائے کے گوشت میں ہونے والے سالانہ نقصانات کا تخمینہ بالترتیب 897 ملین اور 369 ملین ڈالر ہے۔ یہ مالی نقصانات دودھ کی پیداوار اور نمو ، خراب تولید ، پیداوار کے اعلی اخراجات اور اضافے کی شرح میں اضافہ کی نمائندگی کرتے ہیں۔ آئیووا اسٹیٹ یونیورسٹی کے ریسرچ گروپ کے ایک حالیہ مطالعے سے پتہ چلتا ہے کہ اینڈوٹوکسین کی ویوو انتظامیہ نے ہولسٹین گایوں میں دودھ کی پیداوار میں٪ 80 فیصد کمی واقع ہوئی ہے۔ گرمی کا دباؤ گٹ کی سالمیت کو سمجھوتہ کرتا ہے اور زہریلے مرکبات جیسے اینڈوٹوکسین کو گائے کے دوران خون کے نظام میں داخل ہونے اور سوزش جھڑپ کو متحرک کرنے کی اجازت دیتا ہے۔ ناپسندیدہ سوزش گائے کی کارکردگی اور فلاح و بہبود پر اضافی اخراجات ختم کرتی ہے

حرارت کی حدود         

اعلی میٹابولک حرارت کی پیداوار اور ان کی سطح کی سطح کا بڑے پیمانے پر تناسب کی وجہ سے دودھ پالنے والی دیگر مویشیوں کی نسبت ڈیری گائے گرمی کے دباؤ میں زیادہ حساس ہیں۔ مویشی (ٹیبل 1) کے مساوی درجہ حرارت انڈیکس کی بنیاد پر گائے 23 ° C سے زیادہ درجہ حرارت سے پہلے ہی متاثر ہوسکتی ہیں۔ گرمی کے دباؤ سے مویشیوں میں عام جسمانیات ، میٹابولزم ، ہارمونل حیثیت ، اور مدافعتی نظام پر براہ راست یا بالواسطہ اثرات ہو سکتے ہیں۔ مثال کے طور پر ، سانس کی شرح ، جسم کے درجہ حرارت ، پسینے کی شرح کے ساتھ ساتھ فیڈ اور پانی کی مقدار گرمی کے دباؤ کی صورتحال سے بدلا جاسکتا ہے۔ گرمی کے تناؤ پر جسمانی ردعمل سے قلیل مد termت کے ساتھ ساتھ مویشیوں میں صحت اور پیداواریت پر طویل مدتی اثرات مرتب ہوسکتے ہیں۔ گرمی کا تناؤ خراب خراب اور آنت کی پارگمیتا ، فیڈ کی مقدار میں کمی ، نمو میں کمی ، دودھ کی پیداوار میں کمی اور متاثرہ پنروتپادن (جیسے تصور کی شرح ، جنین کی افزائش اور ترقی) کا نتیجہ ہے۔

Male infertility caused by heatwaves may result in mass extinction:Climate change

1980s, increasingly frequent and intense heatwaves have contributed to more deaths than any other extreme weather event. The fingerprints of extreme events and climate change are widespread in the natural world, where populations are showing stress responses. A common fingerprint of a warmer world is a range shift, where the distribution of a species moves to higher altitudes or migrates towards the poles.1980s, increasingly frequent and intense heatwaves have contributed to more deaths than any other extreme weather event. The fingerprints of extreme events and climate change are widespread in the natural world, where populations are showing stress responses. A common fingerprint of a warmer world is a range shift, where the distribution of a species moves to higher altitudes or migrates towards the poles.A review of several hundred studies found an average shift of 17km poleward and 11m upslope every decade. However, if temperature changes are too intense or lead species to geographic dead ends, local extinctions occur in the heat. In 2003, 80 per cent of relevant studies found the fingerprints of a warmer world among numerous species, from grasses to trees and molluscs to mammals.

Noise pollution affects reproduction and social behavior of birds

Human noise pollution could be preventing birds from reproducing and even developing normal social behaviour, researchers have found. A study by Queen's University Belfast found that when European Robins were subjected to human produced noises, their behaviour changed, with background noise masking the communication of crucial information between birds. Gareth Arnott, senior lecturer and researcher from the Institute for Global Food Security at Queen's University Belfast, said: "We found that bird song structure can communicate aggressive intent, enabling birds to assess their opponent. But human-made noise can disrupt this crucial information passed between them by masking the complexity of their songs used for acquiring resources, such as territory and space for nesting. "The birds receive incomplete information on their opponent's intent and do not appropriately adjust their response. Where song is disguised by background noise, in some cases the male ends up fighting more vigorously than he should, but at other times gives in too easily."

The study found that noise pollution interfered with the communication of European Robins (Martin Webb).

Intensive Breeding of Cows Setting them Up for Extinction

“What we’ve done is really narrowed down the genetic pool,” says Chad Dechow, one of the researchers.

There are more than 9 million dairy cows in the United States, and the vast majority of them are Holsteins, large bovines with distinctive black-and-white (sometimes red-and-white) markings. The amount of milk they produce is astonishing. So is their lineage. When researchers at the Pennsylvania State University looked closely at the male lines a few years ago, they discovered more than 99% of them can be traced back to one of two bulls, both born in the 1960s. That means among all the male Holsteins in the country, there are just two Y chromosomes. “What we’ve done is really narrowed down the genetic pool,” says Chad Dechow, one of the researchers. The females haven’t fared much better. In fact, Dechow—an associate professor of dairy cattle genetics—and others say there is so much genetic similarity among them, the effective population size is less than 50. If Holsteins were wild animals, that would put them in the category of critically endangered species. “It’s pretty much one big inbred family,” says Leslie B. Hansen, a Holstein expert, and professor at the University of Minnesota.

Any elementary science student knows that genetic homogeneity isn’t good in the long term. It increases the risk of inherited disorders while also reducing the ability of a population to evolve in the face of a changing environment. Dairy farmers struggling to pay bills today aren’t necessarily focusing on the evolutionary prospects of their animals, but Dechow and his colleagues were concerned enough that they wanted to look more closely at what traits had been lost. For answers, the researchers have begun breeding a small batch of new cows, cultivated in part from the preserved semen of long deceased bulls, to measure a host of characteristics—height, weight, milk production, overall health, fertility, and udder health, among other traits—and compare those to the modern Holsteins we’ve created. The hope is that they might one day be able to inject some sorely needed genetic diversity back into this cornerstone of livestock agriculture, and possibly reawaken traits that have been lost to relentless inbreeding. “If we limit long term genetic diversity of the breed,” Dechow says, “we limit how much genetic change can be made over time.” In other words, we could reach a point where we’re stuck where we’re at. There will be no more improvement in milk production. Fertility won’t improve. And if a new disease comes along, huge swaths of the cow population could be susceptible, since so many of them have the same genes. Holsteins today are responsible for the vast majority of milk we drink and much of our cheese and ice cream. For at least the past century, these animals have been prized for their voluminous output.